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Protect Your Child Against Measles and Its Serious Complications
Measles was once eliminated in the U.S., but cases are now on the rise. In early 2025, a measles outbreak was reported in Texas, with cases continuing to spread. Health officials have linked this resurgence to low vaccination rates, raising concerns about further outbreaks.
Carla Garcia Carreno, M.D., Medical Director of Infection Prevention and Control at Children’s Medical Center Plano, shares what you need to know about measles, how the vaccine works, and ways to keep your child safe.
What Is Measles?
Measles is a highly contagious viral infection that causes a red, blotchy rash, fever, cough, and runny nose. It can lead to severe and even life-threatening complications, such as pneumonia and encephalitis.
Signs and Symptoms of Measles
Measles symptoms typically appear 7 to 14 days after exposure but can present up to 21 days later. Common symptoms include:
- High fever
- Cough
- Runny nose
- Red, watery eyes
- Small white spots inside the mouth (Koplik spots), usually appearing before other symptoms
- A red rash that starts on the face and spreads to the body
Dr. Carreno notes, “The rash typically appears after day three or so of the fever.”
Possible Complications of Measles
Measles can lead to severe complications, especially in young children, pregnant women, and individuals with weakened immune systems. These complications include:
- Pneumonia
- Brain swelling (encephalitis)
- Death (in rare cases)
A rare but fatal complication, Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE), can develop around 10 years after the initial infection, causing seizures, neurological decline, and a 95% mortality rate. Additionally, measles weakens the immune system, making individuals more vulnerable to other infections.
How Measles Spreads
Measles spreads through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. The virus can travel over six feet and remain in the air for up to two hours. According to the CDC, 90% of unvaccinated individuals in close contact with an infected person will contract the disease.
An individual with measles can be contagious from four days before the rash appears until four days after, increasing the risk of community transmission, particularly in areas with low vaccination rates.
How Measles Is Treated
There is no specific antiviral treatment for measles. Care focuses on symptom relief and complication prevention, including:
- Rest and hydration
- Fever reducers like acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil)
- Vitamin A supplements to reduce disease severity
- Monitoring for complications such as pneumonia or encephalitis
If you suspect your child has been exposed to measles, contact your pediatrician immediately.
How the Measles Vaccine Works
The immune system creates antibodies to fight infections. Vaccines safely expose the body to weakened viruses, allowing it to develop immunity without the risk of severe disease.
The MMR vaccine protects against measles, mumps, and rubella. It contains weakened strains of these viruses, prompting the immune system to produce protective antibodies.
When Should Kids Get the Measles Vaccine?
Children should receive two doses of the MMR vaccine:
- First dose at 12 to 15 months old
- Second dose at 4 to 6 years old
This schedule provides lifelong protection for most individuals.
How to Protect Babies Too Young for Vaccination
Infants under 12 months cannot receive the MMR vaccine. To protect them:
- Ensure all family members and caregivers are vaccinated
- Avoid crowded places where measles may spread
- Keep babies away from sick or unvaccinated individuals
- Consult a pediatrician about vaccination recommendations if traveling to a high-risk area
For children or family members with weakened immune systems who cannot be vaccinated, ensuring those around them are immunized is crucial for their protection.
Should Adults Get a Measles Booster Shot?
Most vaccinated adults do not need a booster. However, adults immunized between 1963 and 1967 may need a booster since vaccines from that period were less effective. Those unsure of their vaccination status should consult a doctor about testing or receiving an additional dose.
Are There Side Effects of the Measles Vaccine?
Most children experience no side effects from the MMR vaccine. Mild reactions may include:
- Rash
- Fever
- Temporary soreness
Concerns about a link between the MMR vaccine and autism have been thoroughly debunked. Extensive research confirms there is no scientific evidence supporting this claim.
Can You Get Measles If You’ve Been Vaccinated?
Vaccinated individuals are highly protected. In rare cases (about 3%), vaccinated people may still contract measles, but symptoms are typically mild. Children who have only received one dose remain at higher risk until they receive their second dose.
The widespread use of the MMR vaccine has led to a global decline in measles cases, reducing the likelihood of exposure.
Get Vaccinated
The best way to prevent measles and its complications is through vaccination. If you’re unsure about your child’s immunization status, contact your us today to ensure they are up to date on their MMR vaccine.
